Digital counting often feels abstract because numbers are invisible inside logic circuits. A pulse counter makes the process visible by converting incoming clock pulses into a binary output pattern. Each rising edge of the clock advances the internal state of the counter by one step. The four outputs labeled A, B, C, and D represent binary weights 1, 2, 4, and 8, so their LED pattern directly encodes the current count value. As the clock frequency increases, the least-significant bit toggles fas