Objective To assess the costs and cost-effectiveness of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) compared with open microdiscectomy among patients with sciatica. Methods This economic ...

A recent advancement in minimally invasive spine surgery, unilateral biportal endoscopy integrates the principles of both microscopic and endoscopic techniques.It utilizes two independent portals — ...

This section describes safety outcomes from the published literature that the committee considered as part of the evidence about this procedure. For more detailed information on the evidence, see the ...