A way to apply the output of certain sensors to a TTL/CMOS-level iput on a microcontroller. Sensor must have an NPN output stage that can support a pullup to its power rail. With just a few components ...

Matching a sensor interface with a programmable logic converter or controller hardware that can accept only one type of input—npn or pnp—can be difficult. The last-stage modification circuit described ...

Effective water management involves supplying water according to the real requirement, and thus measuring water is very essential step in water management systems. There are many water flow ...