Background High serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) predict poor prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), a ...

Inositol phosphates are crucial secondary messengers that modulate a wide range of cellular processes, from energy metabolism to gene expression. These molecules, particularly inositol pyrophosphates, ...

Intracellular peptides, generated predominantly via the ubiquitin–proteasome system, have emerged as critical modulators of cell signalling. These peptides play multifaceted roles, ranging from ...

Innate immune sensors – known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) – detect specific molecular components of bacterial or viral intruders. The PRRs forward the signals which results in the ...

T cell activation—the process by which these key immune defenders recognize threats and mobilize against them—depends on ...