Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF‐β) signalling pathways are integral to a wide array of cellular processes, ranging from embryonic development to tissue homeostasis and immune regulation. TGF‐β ...

A tissue section from a mouse model of lung metastasis showing cancer cells (green) that have attracted and activated fibroblasts (red) to support the growth of a metastatic tumor. Image: Massagué Lab ...

Within contemporary molecular biology, the regulation of tissue growth has emerged as a central theme linking developmental signaling, metabolic balance, and structural adaptation. Among the molecular ...

Dental pulp regeneration remains a major clinical challenge. Researchers have discovered that SMAD7 directly forms a ...

Dental pulp injury caused by trauma or deep caries often leads to inflammation, tissue necrosis, and eventual loss of tooth vitality. In severe cases, bacterial invasion and sustained immune responses ...

Preclinical research across multiple cancer types now shows that the NAD+ salvage pathway, the same biological mechanism targeted by popular anti-aging supplements like nicotinamide mononucleotide ...