The Zeeman effect and optical pumping are two mechanisms capable of inducing polarization signals in the spectral lines that originate in the outer layers of stellar atmospheres. The Zeeman effect 12 ...

THE experimental study of atomic spectra has a long and distinguished history. Even the descriptive analysis of spectra in terms of series and term values the systematic botany of spectra has a ...

Astronomers have now observed the radio emission from the neutral hydrogen gas (HI) in a nearby galaxy. Hydrogen gas emits radio emission in a spectral line at a very specific frequency of 1420 MHz.

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